Cosmic rays, the high-energy particles that continuously bombard our galaxy, are now believed to be one of the driving forces behind galactic winds that slow down the formation of new stars in galaxies.

Recent studies have revealed that cosmic rays not only influence the properties of the interstellar medium but also have a significant impact on the galactic environment.

Galactic winds are the outflows of gas and other material from a galaxy, driven by the energy released by stars or other astrophysical processes. These winds can have a profound effect on the star formation process in galaxies, by removing gas and dust that would otherwise be used to form new stars. A team of researchers led by Dr. Samaya Nissanke of Radboud University in the Netherlands has proposed that cosmic rays play a crucial role in driving these winds, by transferring their energy to the interstellar medium.

Cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate from outside our solar system, and even outside our galaxy. They are made up of protons, electrons, and other atomic nuclei, and travel at speeds close to the speed of light. These particles are produced by a variety of astrophysical processes, such as supernova explosions, the accretion of matter onto black holes, and the acceleration of particles by magnetic fields.

When cosmic rays interact with the interstellar medium, they can transfer their energy to the gas and dust in the galaxy. This process leads to the creation of high-energy particles, which can in turn collide with other particles in the interstellar medium, creating a cascade of secondary particles. This process is known as cosmic-ray-induced ionization, and it can have a significant impact on the properties of the interstellar medium.

In particular, cosmic-ray-induced ionization can help to drive the formation of molecular clouds, which are the sites where new stars are born. Molecular clouds are made up of dense gas and dust, and they require a source of energy to help them collapse under their own gravity and form new stars. Cosmic rays can provide this energy by ionizing the gas in the cloud, which makes it easier for the gas to cool and collapse.

However, cosmic rays can also have a negative impact on star formation, by driving galactic winds that remove gas and dust from the galaxy. When cosmic rays collide with gas particles in the interstellar medium, they can transfer their energy to the gas, causing it to heat up and expand. This expansion can create a pressure wave that drives the gas out of the galaxy, forming a galactic wind.

The galactic wind can carry away a significant fraction of the gas in the galaxy, which can limit the amount of material available for new star formation. This process is particularly important in galaxies that are undergoing a burst of star formation, as the intense radiation and supernova explosions from young stars can create strong galactic winds that slow down the star formation process.

Recent observations have provided compelling evidence for the role of cosmic rays in driving galactic winds. For example, studies of nearby starburst galaxies have shown that these galaxies have a high cosmic-ray density, which is consistent with the idea that cosmic rays are responsible for driving the galactic winds. In addition, computer simulations have shown that cosmic rays can help to drive the formation of galactic winds, and that these winds can have a significant impact on the star formation process.

The study of cosmic rays and their impact on galactic winds is still in its early stages, and much remains to be learned about this complex process. However, it is clear that cosmic rays play an important role in shaping the properties of galaxies, and that they are a key factor in determining the rate of star formation in the universe.

Cosmic rays can drive galactic winds that slow down the formation of new stars in galaxies.